Lesson Title: 
Nelson Mandela, César E. Chávez, and Nonviolence  

Grade Level:
Grade Ten

Unit of Study: 
Post WWII

History-Social Science Standard: 
10.10   Students analyze the instances of nation building in the contemporary world in Africa.

10.10.3 3   Discuss the important trends in the regions today and whether they appear to serve the cause of individual freedom and democracy.

Setting the Context:
Students should have basic background knowledge on imperialism in Africa prior to World War II.  This should include the idea of British control in Africa and the fight for South Africa.  Britain handed over control and gave South Africa its independence in 1910.  The Union of South Africa was formed with a government that only recognized the rights of whites and denied these same rights to blacks.  This became legislated as the Apartheid Policy.

In the midst of this transition to freedom, the African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912.  Its aim was to bring all Africans together as one people and to defend their rights and freedoms.  Nelson Mandela would join this group in 1944 as a young leader of the ANC Youth League (ANCYL).  He and other leaders of the group based their ideas on African nationalism.  The Youth League aimed to involve the masses by militant means if necessary.  Mandela’s words at the time were “The struggle (for freedom) is my life.”

Nelson Mandela held many positions within the ANC: ANCYL Secretary (1948); ANCYL President (1950); Deputy National President (1952), and ANC President (1991).  During the 1950s, he was one of the accused in the Treason Trial.  The government arrested 156 political leaders, including Mandela, in a mass police swoop on December 5, 1956 and charged them with high treason, which carried the death penalty.  They were accused of participating in a treasonable conspiracy, inspired by international Communism, to overthrow the South African State by violent means.  The trial dragged on for four years, with the last accused being acquitted in 1961.

One of the most pivotal occurrences in South African History that had an effect on Mandela occurred at Sharpeville in 1960.  Protesters were fighting the idea of needing passes to travel anywhere.  Marchers continued to gather all day and 10,000 or more men, women, and children proceeded to the local police station - chanting freedom songs and slogans.  When the marchers reached Sharpeville`s police station, a heavy contingent of police was lined up outside.  The march leaders asked the white policeman in command to let them through so that they could surrender themselves for refusing to carry passes.  Initially the police commander refused but much later, they were let through.  The chanting of freedom songs was picking up and the slogans made it more of a festive mood rather than a confrontational one.  However, shortly after the leaders had been let through into the police station, without warning, the police opened fire and within two minutes bodies lay on the ground.  Sixty-nine men, women, and children lay dead with nearly 200 injured. 

Following the massacre, the ANC was banned and Mandela was detained until 1961.  Eventually that year, he went underground to raise the call for a new national convention.  Under Mandela’s leadership, the military wing of the ANC was also born that year and launched a sabotage campaign against the government. 

Mandela left the country in 1962 for military training in Algeria.  Upon his return to South Africa, he was arrested for illegally leaving the country.  He was tried and convicted in 1962 and sentenced to serve five years in prison.  While serving his time, he was also given a life sentence for sabotage in the Rivonia trial.  Transferred to the Robben Island prison, Mandela created a climate in which political education for himself and his fellow inmates took place. 

Often during his time in prison, Mandela was asked to renounce violence and compromise his own political principles.  P. W. Botha offered Mandela his freedom if he would do so, but Mandela refused.  It was not until his release in February 1990 that Mandela would agree to end the armed struggle.

The climax of Mandela’s rise to power came when he became the first democratically elected President of South Africa in May 1994.  In his inauguration speech at Cape Town on May 9, 1994, Mandela speaks of a new South Africa.

We have fought for a democratic constitution since the 1880s.  Ours has been a quest for a constitution freely adopted by the people of South Africa, reflecting their wishes and their aspirations.  The struggle for democracy has never been a matter pursued by one race, class, religious community, or gender among South Africans.  In honouring those who fought to see this day arrive, we honour the best sons and daughters of all our people.  We can count amongst them Africans, Coloureds, Whites, Indians, Muslims, Christians, Hindus, Jews - all of them united by a common vision of a better life for the people of this country …

This democracy in which the government, whomever that government may be, will be bound by a higher set of rules, embodied in a constitution, and will not be able govern the country as it pleases.  Democracy is based on the majority principle.  This is especially true in a country such as ours where the vast majority has been systematically denied their rights.  At the same time, democracy also requires that the rights of political and other minorities be safeguarded. 

This was to be a new South Africa and Mandela was to be its leader.  Mistakes would be made, as Mandela would himself admit, but the progress of South Africa during this time was remarkable.  Mandela summarized his feelings on the accomplishments of South Africa’s first democratic government in a speech at the end of his administration.  He said,

We have brought peace to our country.  Our people are united around a sense of common destiny as never before.  Basic services are being delivered to all sectors of our population, to millions for whom they had been a mere dream. 

Above all, we have made great progress in restoring the dignity of all our people.  No matter where one goes in the world today, one is proudly and warmly received as a South African, whatever one's colour. 

Our successful second democratic elections demonstrated once more the strength of our nationhood and the depth of our people's commitment to democracy.  This time around, the differences and tensions had more to do with technicalities and procedures than with the essence of our political order and our nationhood. 
					Speech at the National Awards Ceremony
					June 10, 1999

Focus Questions: 
How do people change over their life times?

What conditions cause people to change?

Is it ever acceptable to use violence?

If not why not, if so when and why?

Expected Learning Outcomes:  
Students will trace the history of the ANC and compare it with the history of the UFW.  Students will compare and contrast the attitudes of César E. Chávez and Nelson Mandela toward violence and civil rights.  After comparing and contrasting these attitudes, students will evaluate the effectiveness of both methods.

Assessment:
Students will create a time line, three-dimensional if possible, of the ANC and the UFW.  Using the time lines and additional information, students will create a thematic compare and contrast poster of the attitudes of César E. Chávez and Nelson Mandela toward violence and civil rights.  Students will either write an essay or orally present their evaluation of both men’s methods.   

Key Concepts: 
Civil Rights 
democracy 
violence 
nonviolence 
organizing 
historical development of ideas

Essential Vocabulary:
Apartheid
African National Congress (ANC)
Democracy
domination
exploitation
indignation
Indunas Sjambokking
massacre
policy
P. W. Botha
sabotage
Sharpesville
suppress
treason

Primary Sources:
Speeches from Nelson Mandela 
Speeches from César E. Chávez

Visuals:
Pictures of Nelson Mandela can be found at the African National Congress Web site.
Pictures of César E. Chávez and Fasting can be found on the CDE Web site. 

Procedure

Motivation:
Have the students write a time line from their date of birth to the present.  Have them write down significant items that have taken place in their lives during that time and place it on the time line.  Secondly, have them answer these questions in order. 

1)	What changes in your life have occurred in the past three years?
2)	What changes in your life have occurred in the past six years? 
3)	What do you think caused these changes?

Have students share their short time lines on the board and discuss their responses to the questions above. 

Go back to focus question one and two.  How would this happen to people like Nelson Mandela and César E. Chávez?

Making Connections:
Changes are occurring in the world all of the time.  Have students write in newspaper headline style the significant changes that occurred during the past year in South Africa, the world, the United States, and in the student’s own area.  Have the students make the headlines and place them around the classroom demonstrating that things around them change all of the time.

Vocabulary Activities:
Have students write the vocabulary terms found within the readings of this unit and then create their own crossword puzzle for the terms.  Have students exchange the puzzles within the class. 

Guided Instruction:
1)	Do the Motivation from above. 

2)	Do the Making Connections exercise. 

3)	Relate the context of Nelson Mandela’s life above or copy to the students and have them read or follow along themselves. 

4)	After reading about the life of Nelson Mandela, have students note or write down the key points of his life.  This will be used later in comparing him to César E. Chávez.

5)	Have the students, individually or in groups, go to the biography of César E. Chávez found on the CDE Web site and trace the history of the forming of the UFW.  Students can also visit the UFW Web site for additional information at ufw.org.  Have them form a preliminary time line of the events. 

6)	Have the students do the same for the African National Congress by visiting their Web site.

7)	Students will then create a three-dimensional time line combining the two time lines and write a brief comparison of the history of the two organizations based upon the time line.  Teachers will note beginning dates, important people, when they became involved, and key events (example: Sharpeville, Delano). 

8)	Students will then read Appendix A and Appendix B to this Lesson Plan for Nelson Mandela’s view on violence and nonviolence.  There are other excellent articles written by Mandela that appear on the ANC Web site.  It is important to note the dates and the changes that occur in Mandela’s view over time.  Thus, going back to the motivation exercise.  To condense the reading, teachers may want to only cut and paste those items bolded in Appendix A.  Teachers may also want to spread the reading out and divide it up for individuals or groups and use the bolded text as the guide for Appendix A. 

9)	Once read, teachers should discuss the following:

a.	What were the problems noted in Appendix A?
b.	How did Nelson Mandela propose to solve the problems?
c.	Can they relate any of those to farm workers during César E. Chávez’s time?
d.	After reading Appendix B, did they see any change in Mandela’s attitude?  If so, how?
e.	What do you think caused the changes?

10)	Have the students go to the Chávez CDE Web site to search for articles by or on Chávez and nonviolence.  Submit “nonviolence” into the search engine.
 -  Have the students do the same as they did with Mandela’s articles.

11)	Students will complete the assessment part from above.  Students will create a thematic compare and contrast poster of the attitudes of César E. Chávez and Nelson Mandela towards violence and civil rights.  Students will either write an essay or orally present their evaluation of both men’s methods.  

Enrichment:
1)	Students can gain more understanding of the formation of the ANC by reading its history and exploring its Web site. 

2)	Go to the Mandela Web site and write a letter to Nelson Mandela. 

3)	Research the various acts that the South African government imposed between 1950-1994 against the ANC.

4)	Research P. W. Botha and FW DeKlerk and their positions regarding the ANC and apartheid. 

5)	View movies, like Cry Freedom, that relate the struggles of South Africa and apartheid. 

Integrating Language:
1)	Pre-reading skills will activate prior knowledge through classroom discussion.  Active discussion will be used in reviewing the primary source documents. 

2)	Speaking and listening skills will also be used when students share their answers while discussing Mandela and Chávez and their attitudes toward nonviolence. 

3)	Compare and contrast skills will be enhanced in the development of the compare and contrast charts and essays. 

Appendix A

"No Easy Walk to Freedom"
Presidential Address by Nelson R. Mandela to the ANC (Transvaal) Congress
September 21, 1953
Since 1912 and year after year thereafter, in their homes and local areas, in provincial and national gatherings, on trains and buses, in the factories and on the farms, in cities, villages, shanty towns, schools and prisons, the African people have discussed the shameful misdeeds of those who rule the country.  Year after year, they have raised their voices in condemnation of the grinding poverty of the people, the low wages, the acute shortage of land, the inhuman exploitation and the whole policy of white domination.  But instead of more freedom repression began to grow in volume and intensity and it seemed that all their sacrifices would end up in smoke and dust.  Today the entire country knows that their labours were not in vain for a new spirit and new ideas have gripped our people.  Today the people speak the language of action: there is a mighty awakening among the men and women of our country and the year 1952 stands out as the year of this upsurge of national consciousness.

In June 1952, the AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS and the SOUTH AFRICAN INDIAN CONGRESS, bearing in mind their responsibility as the representatives of the downtrodden and oppressed people of South Africa, took the plunge and launched the Campaign for the Defiance of the Unjust Laws.  Starting off in Port Elizabeth in the early hours of June 26 and with only thirty-three defiers in action and then in Johannesburg in the afternoon of the same day with one hundred and six defiers, it spread throughout the country like wild fire.  Factory and office workers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, students and the clergy; Africans, Coloureds, Indians and Europeans, old and young, all rallied to the national call and defied the pass laws and the curfew and the railway apartheid regulations.  At the end of the year, more than 8,000 people of all races had defied.  The Campaign called for immediate and heavy sacrifices.  Workers lost their jobs, chiefs and teachers were expelled from the service, doctors, lawyers and businessmen gave up their practices and businesses and elected to go to jail.  Defiance was a step of great political significance.  It released strong social forces, which affected thousands of our countrymen.  It was an effective way of getting the masses to function politically; a powerful method of voicing our indignation against the reactionary policies of the Government.  It was one of the best ways of exerting pressure on the Government and extremely dangerous to the stability and security of the State.  It inspired and aroused our people from a conquered and servile community of yesmen to a militant and uncompromising band of comrades-in-arms.  The entire country was transformed into battle zones where the forces of liberation were locked up in immortal conflict against those of reaction and evil.  Our flag flew in every battlefield and thousands of our countrymen rallied around it.  We held the initiative and the forces of freedom were advancing on all fronts.  It was against this background and at the height of this Campaign that we held our last annual provincial Conference in Pretoria from the 10th to the 12th of October last year.  In a way, that Conference was a welcome reception for those who had returned from the battlefields and a farewell to those who were still going to action.  The spirit of defiance and action dominated the entire conference.

Today we meet under totally different conditions.  By the end of July last year, the Campaign had reached a stage where it had to be suppressed by the Government or it would impose its own policies on the country.

The government launched its reactionary offensive and struck at us.  Between July last year and August this year forty-seven leading members from both Congresses in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Kimberley were arrested, tried and convicted for launching the Defiance Campaign and given suspended sentences ranging from three months to two years on condition that they did not again participate in the defiance of the unjust laws.  In November last year, a proclamation was passed which prohibited meetings of more than ten Africans and made it an offence for any person to call upon an African to defy.  Contravention of this proclamation carried a penalty of three years or of a fine of three hundred pounds.  In March this year the Government passed the so-called Public Safety Act which empowered it to declare a state of emergency and to create conditions which would permit of the most ruthless and pitiless methods of suppressing our movement.  Almost simultaneously, the Criminal Laws Amendment Act was passed which provided heavy penalties for those convicted of Defiance offences.  This Act also made provision for the whipping of defiers including women.  It was under this Act that Mr. Arthur Matlala who was the local [leader] of the Central Branch during the Defiance Campaign, was convicted and sentenced to twelve months with hard labour plus eight strokes by the Magistrate of Villa Nora.  The Government also made extensive use of the Suppression of Communism Act.  You will remember that in May last year the Government ordered Moses Kotane, Yusuf Dadoo, J. B. Marks, David Bopape and Johnson Ngwevela to resign from the Congresses and many other organisations and were also prohibited from attending political gatherings.  In consequence of these bans, Moses Kotane, J. B. Marks, and David Bopape did not attend our last provincial Conference.  In December last year, the Secretary General, Mr. W. M. Sisulu, and I were banned from attending gatherings and confined to Johannesburg for six months.  Early this year, the President-General, Chief Luthuli, whilst in the midst of a national tour which he was prosecuting with remarkable energy and devotion, was prohibited for a period of twelve months from attending public gatherings and from visiting Durban, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and many other centres.  A few days before the President-General was banned, the President of the SAIC, Dr. G. M. Naicker, had been served with a similar notice.  Many other active workers both from the African and Indian Congresses and from trade union organisations were also banned.

The Congresses realised that these measures created a new situation, which did not prevail when the Campaign was launched in June 1952.  The tide of defiance was bound to recede and we were forced to pause and to take stock of the new situation.  We had to analyse the dangers that faced us, formulate plans to overcome them and evolve new plans of political struggle.  A political movement must keep in touch with reality and the prevailing conditions.  Long speeches, the shaking of fists, the banging of tables and strongly worded resolutions out of touch with the objective conditions do not bring about mass action and can do a great deal of harm to the organisation and the struggle we serve.  The masses had to be prepared and made ready for new forms of political struggle.  We had to recuperate our strength and muster our forces for another and more powerful offensive against the enemy.  To have gone ahead blindly as if nothing had happened would have been suicidal and stupid.  The conditions under which we meet today are, therefore, vastly different.  The Defiance Campaign together with its thrills and adventures has receded.  The old methods of bringing about mass action through public mass meetings, press statements and leaflets calling upon the people to go to action have become extremely dangerous and difficult to use effectively.  The authorities will not easily permit a meeting called under the auspices of the ANC, few newspapers will publish statements openly criticising the policies of the Government and there is hardly a single printing press which will agree to print leaflets calling upon workers to embark on industrial action for fear of prosecution under the Suppression of Communism Act and similar measures.  These developments require the evolution of new forms of political struggle, which will make it reasonable for us to strive for action on a higher level than the Defiance Campaign.  The Government, alarmed at the indomitable upsurge of national consciousness, is doing everything in its power to crush our movement by removing the genuine representatives of the people from the organisations.  According to a statement made by Swart in Parliament on the 1 8th September, 1953, there are thirty-three trade union officials and eighty-nine other people who have been served with notices in terms of the Suppression of Communism Act.  This does not include that formidable array of freedom fighters who have been named and blacklisted under the Suppression of Communism Act and those who have been banned under the Riotous Assemblies Act.

Meanwhile the living conditions of the people, already extremely difficult, are steadily worsening and becoming unbearable.  The purchasing power of the masses is progressively declining and the cost of living is rocketing.  Bread is now dearer than it was two months ago.  The cost of milk, meat and vegetables is beyond the pockets of the average family and many of our people cannot afford them.  The people are too poor to have enough food to feed their families and children.  They cannot afford sufficient clothing, housing and medical care.  They are denied the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, old age and where these exist; they are of an extremely inferior and useless nature.  Because of lack of proper medical amenities our people are ravaged by such dreaded diseases as tuberculosis, venereal disease, leprosy, pellagra, and infantile mortality is very high.  The recent state budget made provision for the increase of the cost-of-living allowances for Europeans and not a word was said about the poorest and most hard-hit section of the population - the African people.  The insane policies of the Government which have brought about an explosive situation in the country have definitely scared away foreign capital from South Africa and the financial crisis through which the country is now passing is forcing many industrial and business concerns to close down, to retrench their staffs and unemployment is growing every day.  The farm labourers are in a particularly dire plight.  You will perhaps recall the investigations and exposures of the semi-slave conditions on the Bethal farms made in 1948 by the Reverend Michael Scott and a Guardian Correspondent; by the Drum last year and the Advance in April this year.  You will recall how human beings, wearing only sacks with holes for their heads and arms, never given enough food to eat, slept on cement floors on cold nights with only their sacks to cover their shivering bodies.  You will remember how they are woken up as early as 4 a. m. and taken to work on the fields with the indunas sjambokking those who tried to straighten their backs, who felt weak and dropped down because of hunger and sheer exhaustion.  You will also recall the story of human beings toiling pathetically from the early hours of the morning till sunset, fed only on mealie meal served on filthy sacks spread on the ground and eating with their dirty hands.  People falling ill and never once being given medical attention.  You will also recall the revolting story of a farmer who was convicted for tying a labourer by his feet from a tree and had him flogged to death, pouring boiling water into his mouth whenever he cried for water.  These things which have long vanished from many parts of the world still flourish in SA today.  None will deny that they constitute a serious challenge to Congress and we are in duty bound to find an effective remedy for these obnoxious practices.

The Government has introduced in Parliament the Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Bill and the Bantu Education Bill.  Speaking on the Labour Bill, the Minister of Labour, Ben Schoeman, openly stated that the aim of this wicked measure is to bleed African trade unions to death.  By forbidding strikes and lockouts it deprives Africans of the one weapon the workers have to improve their position.  The aim of the measure is to destroy the present African trade unions which are controlled by the workers themselves and which fight for the improvement of their working conditions in return for a Central Native Labour Board controlled by the Government and which will be used to frustrate the legitimate aspirations of the African worker.  The Minister of Native Affairs, Verwoerd, has also been brutally clear in explaining the objects of the Bantu Education Bill.  According to him the aim of this law is to teach our children that Africans are inferior to Europeans.  African education would be taken out of the hands of people who taught equality between black and white.  When this Bill becomes law, it will not be the parents but the Department of Native Affairs, which will decide whether an African child should receive higher or other education.  It might well be that the children of those who criticise the Government and who fight its policies will almost certainly be taught how to drill rocks in the mines and how to plough potatoes on the farms of Bethal.  High education might well be the privilege of those children whose families have a tradition of collaboration with the ruling circles.

The attitude of the Congress on these bills is very clear and unequivocal.  Congress totally rejects both bills without reservation.  The last provincial Conference strongly condemned the then proposed Labour Bill as a measure designed to rob the African workers of the universal right of free trade unionism and to undermine and destroy the existing African trade unions.  Conference further called upon the African workers to boycott and defy the application of this sinister scheme, which was calculated to further the exploitation of the African worker.  To accept a measure of this nature even in a qualified manner would be a betrayal of the toiling masses.  At a time when every genuine Congressite should fight unreservedly for the recognition of African trade unions and the realisation of the principle that everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests, we declare our firm belief in the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that everyone has the right to education; that education shall be directed to the full development of human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among the nations, racial or religious groups and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.  That parents have the right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

The cumulative effect of all these measures is to prop up and perpetuate the artificial and decaying policy of the supremacy of the white men.  The attitude of the government to us is that: "Let's beat them down with guns and batons and trample them under our feet.  We must be ready to drown the whole country in blood if only there is the slightest chance of preserving white supremacy."

But there is nothing inherently superior about the Herrenvolk idea of the supremacy of the whites.  In China, India, Indonesia and Korea, American, British, Dutch and French Imperialism, based on the concept of the supremacy of Europeans over Asians, has been completely and perfectly exploded.  In Malaya and Indo-China British and French imperialisms are being shaken to their foundations by powerful and revolutionary national liberation movements.  In Africa, there are approximately 190,000,000 Africans as against 4,000,000 Europeans.  The entire continent is seething with discontent and already there are powerful revolutionary eruptions in the Gold Coast, Nigeria, Tunisia, Kenya, the Rhodesias and South Africa.  The oppressed people and the oppressors are at loggerheads.  The day of reckoning between the forces of freedom and those of reaction is not very far off.  I have not the slightest doubt that when that day comes truth and justice will prevail.

The intensification of repressions and the extensive use of the bans is designed to immobilise every active worker and to check the national liberation movement.  But gone forever are the days when harsh and wicked laws provided the oppressors with years of peace and quiet.  The racial policies of the Government have pricked the conscience of all men of good will and have aroused their deepest indignation.  The feelings of the oppressed people have never been more bitter.  If the ruling circles seek to maintain their position by such inhuman methods then a clash between the forces of freedom and those of reaction is certain.  The grave plight of the people compels them to resist to the death the stinking policies of the gangsters that rule our country.

But in spite of all the difficulties outlined above, we have won important victories.  The general political level of the people has been considerably raised and they are now more conscious of their strength.  Action has become the language of the day.  The ties between the working people and the Congress have been greatly strengthened.  This is a development of the highest importance because in a country such as ours a political organisation that does not receive the support of the workers is in fact paralysed on the very ground on which it has chosen to wage battle.  Leaders of trade union organisations are at the same time important officials of the provincial and local branches of the ANC In the past we talked of the African, Indian and Coloured struggles.  Though certain individuals raised the question of a united front of all the oppressed groups, the various non-European organisations stood miles apart from one another and the efforts of those for co-ordination and unity were like a voice crying in the wilderness and it seemed that the day would never dawn when the oppressed people would stand and fight together shoulder to shoulder against a common enemy.  Today we talk of the struggle of the oppressed people which, though it is waged through their respective autonomous organisations, is gravitating towards one central command.

Our immediate task is to consolidate these victories, to preserve our organisations and to muster our forces for the resumption of the offensive.  To achieve this important task the National Executive of the ANC in consultation with the National Action Committee of the ANC and the SAIC formulated a plan of action popularly known as the "M" Plan and the highest importance is [given] to it by the National Executives.  Instructions were given to all provinces to implement the "M" Plan without delay.

The underlying principle of this plan is the understanding that it is no longer possible to wage our struggle mainly on the old methods of public meetings and printed circulars.  The aim is: 
1.	to consolidate the Congress machinery; 
2.	to enable the transmission of important decisions taken on a national level to every member of the organisation without calling public meetings, issuing press statements and printing circulars; 
3.	to build up in the local branches themselves local Congresses which will effectively represent the strength and will of the people; 
4.	to extend and strengthen the ties between Congress and the people and to consolidate Congress leadership. 

This plan is being implemented in many branches not only in the Transvaal but also in the other provinces and is producing excellent results.  The Regional Conferences held in Sophiatown, Germiston, Kliptown and Benoni on the 28th June, 23rd and 30th August and on the 6th September 1953, which were attended by large crowds, are a striking demonstration of the effectiveness of this plan, and the National Executives must be complimented for it.  I appeal to all members of the Congress to redouble their efforts and play their part truly and well in its implementation.  The hard, dirty and strenuous task of recruiting members and strengthening our organisation through a house-to-house campaign in every locality must be done by you all.  From now on the activity of Congressites must not be confined to speeches and resolutions.  Their activities must find expression in wide scale work among the masses, work which will enable them to make the greatest possible contact with the working people.  You must protect and defend your trade unions.  If you are not allowed to have your meetings publicly, then you must hold them over your machines in the factories, on the trains and buses as you travel home.  You must have them in your villages and shantytowns.  You must make every home, every shack and every mud structure where our people live, a branch of the trade union movement and never surrender.

You must defend the right of African parents to decide the kind of education that shall be given to their children.  Teach the children that Africans are not one iota inferior to Europeans.  Establish your own community schools where the right kind of education will be given to our children.  If it becomes dangerous or impossible to have these alternative schools, then again you must make every home, every shack or rickety structure a centre of learning for our children.  Never surrender to the inhuman and barbaric theories of Verwoerd.

The decision to defy the unjust laws enabled Congress to develop considerably wider contacts between itself and the masses and the urge to join Congress grew day by day.  But, because the local branches did not exercise proper control and supervision, the admission of new members was not carried out satisfactorily.  No careful examination was made of their past history and political characteristics.  As a result of this, there were many shady characters ranging from political clowns, place-seekers, splitters, saboteurs, agents-provocateurs to informers and even policemen, who infiltrated into the ranks of Congress.  One need only refer to the Johannesburg trial of Dr. Moroka and nineteen others, where a member of Congress who actually worked at the National Headquarters, turned out to be a detective-sergeant on special duty.  Remember the case of Leballo of Brakpan who wormed himself into that Branch by producing faked naming letters from the Liquidator, De Villiers Louw, who had instructions to spy on us.  There are many other similar instances that emerged during the Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Kimberley trials.  Whilst some of these men were discovered there are many who have not been found out.  In Congress there are still many shady characters, political clowns, place-seekers, saboteurs, provocateurs, informers and policemen who masquerade as progressives but who are in fact the bitterest enemies of our organisation.  Outside appearances are highly deceptive and we cannot classify these men by looking at their faces or by listening to their sweet tongues or their vehement speeches demanding immediate action.  The friends of the people are distinguishable by the ready and disciplined manner in which they rally behind their organisation and their readiness to sacrifice when the preservation of the organisation has become a matter of life and death.  Similarly, enemies and shady characters are detected by the extent to which they consistently attempt to wreck the organisation by creating fratricidal strife, disseminating confusion and undermining and even opposing important plans of action to vitalise the organisation.  In this respect it is interesting to note that almost all the people who oppose the ''M" Plan are people who have consistently refused to respond when sacrifices were called for, and whose political background leaves much to be desired.  These shady characters by means of flattery, bribes and corruption, win the support of the weak-willed and politically backward individuals, detach them from Congress and use them in their own interests.  The presence of such elements in Congress constitutes a serious threat to the struggle, for the capacity for political action of an organisation which is ravaged by such disruptive and splitting elements is considerably undermined.  Here in South Africa, as in many parts of the world, a revolution is maturing: it is the profound desire, the determination and the urge of the overwhelming majority of the country to destroy for ever the shackles of oppression that condemn them to servitude and slavery.  To overthrow oppression has been sanctioned by humanity and is the highest aspiration of every free man.  If elements in our organisation seek to impede the realisation of this lofty purpose then these people have placed themselves outside the organisation and must be put out of action before they do more harm.  To do otherwise would be a crime and a serious neglect of duty.  We must rid ourselves of such elements and give our organisation the striking power of a real militant mass organisation.
Kotane, Marks, Bopape, Tloome and I have been banned from attending gatherings and we cannot join and counsel with you on the serious problems that are facing our country.  We have been banned because we champion the freedom of the oppressed people of our country and because we have consistently fought against the policy of racial discrimination in favour of a policy which accords fundamental human rights to all, irrespective of race, colour, sex or language.  We are exiled from our own people for we have uncompromisingly resisted the efforts of imperialist America and her satellites to drag the world into the rule of violence and brutal force, into the rule of the napalm, hydrogen and the cobalt bombs where millions of people will be wiped out to satisfy the criminal and greedy appetites of the imperial powers.  We have been gagged because we have emphatically and openly condemned the criminal attacks by the imperialists against the people of Malaya, Vietnam, Indonesia, Tunisia and Tanganyika and called upon our people to identify themselves unreservedly with the cause of world peace and to fight against the war policies of America and her satellites.  We are being shadowed, hounded and trailed because we fearlessly voiced our horror and indignation at the slaughter of the people of Korea and Kenya.  The massacre of the Kenya people by Britain has aroused world-wide indignation and protest.  Children are being burnt alive, women are raped, tortured, whipped and boiling water poured on their breasts to force confessions from them that Jomo Kenyatta had administered the Mau Mau oath to them.  Men are being castrated and shot dead.  In the Kikuyu country there are some villages in which the population has been completely wiped out.  We are prisoners in our own country because we dared to raise our voices against these horrible atrocities and because we expressed our solidarity with the cause of the Kenya people.

You can see that "there is no easy walk to freedom anywhere, and many of us will have to pass through the valley of the shadow (of death) again and again before we reach the mountain tops of our desires.

"Dangers and difficulties have not deterred us in the past, they will not frighten us now.  But we must be prepared for them like men in business who do not waste energy in vain talk and idle action.  The way of preparation (for action) lies in our rooting out all impurity and indiscipline from our organisation and making it the bright and shining instrument that will cleave its way to (Africa's) freedom."

Appendix B

THE MANDELA DOCUMENT 
From the Document Presented by Nelson Mandela to P W Botha before their meeting on July 5, 1989 

Renunciation of Violence 

The position of the ANC on the question of violence is very simple.  The organisation has no vested interest in violence.  It abhors any action which may cause loss of life, destruction of property and misery to the people.  It has worked long and patiently for a South Africa of common values and for an undivided and peaceful non-racial state.  But we consider the armed struggle a legitimate form of self-defence against a morally repugnant system of government which will not allow even peaceful forms of protest. 
It is more than ironical that it should be the government which demands that we should renounce violence.  The government knows only too well that there is not a single political organisation in this country, inside and outside parliament, which can ever compare with the ANC in its total commitment to peaceful change. 

Right from the early days of its history, the organisation diligently sought peaceful solutions and, to that extent, it talked patiently to successive South African governments, a policy we tried to follow in dealing with the present government. 

Apartheid Violence

Not only did the government ignore our demands for a meeting, instead it took advantage of our commitment to a non-violent struggle and unleashed the most violent form of racial oppression this country has ever seen.  It stripped us of all basic human rights, outlawed our organisations and barred all channels of peaceful resistance.  It met our demands with force and, despite the grave problems facing the country; it continues to refuse to talk to us.  There can only be one answer to this challenge; violent forms of struggle. 

Down the years oppressed people have fought for their birthright by peaceful means, where that was possible, and through force where peaceful channels were closed.  The history of this country also confirms this vital lesson.  Africans as well as Afrikaners were, at one time or other, compelled to take up arms in defence of their freedom against British imperialism.  The fact that both were finally defeated by superior arms, and by the vast resources of that empire, does not negate this lesson. 

But 'rom what has happened in South Africa during the last 40 years, we must conclude that now that the roles are reversed, and the Afrikaner is no longer a freedom fighter, but is in power, the entire lesson of history must be brushed aside.  Not even a disciplined non-violent protest will now be tolerated.  To the government a black man has neither a just cause to espouse nor freedom rights to defend.  The whites must have the monopoly of political power, and of committing violence against innocent and defenceless people.  That situation was totally unacceptable to us and the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe was intended to end that monopoly, and to forcibly bring home to the government that the oppressed people of this country were prepared to stand up and defend themselves. 

It is significant to note that throughout the past four decades, and more especially over the last 26 years, the government has met our demands with force only and has done hardly anything to create a suitable climate for dialogue.  On the contrary, the government continues to govern with a heavy hand, and to incite whites against negotiation with the ANC.  The publication of the booklet Talking with the ANC … which completely distorts the history and policy of the ANC, the extremely offensive language used by government spokesmen against freedom fighters, and the intimidation of whites who want to hear the views of the ANC at first hand, are all part of the government's strategy to wreck meaningful dialogue.